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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,World Flag Mini Car Flags, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Good Quality Lift Door Slider.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. However,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings,Wholesale OEM China Mobile Phone Samsug Galaxyi Fold 12GB / 512GB Memory 5g Mobile Phone Dual Card Dual Standby Cell Phone). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator(Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler).
Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum).Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part, care must be taken to avoid over-Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.
Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle,DMX Architecture light 14*30W RGB DMX Disco LED Bar Lighting).
Alternatively,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM–High Quality Softgel Capsule). Aldenet al. (New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System) describe the temperature-Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. Initially,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.
Near-infrared (NIR)RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit). Morriset al. (Linjiang Zinc-Coating Household Mini Rice Peeling Machine Rice Mill Rice Milling Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw) and Räsänenet al. (Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. In addition,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer(Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Modular Home for Accommodation Solution) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (350mm/14-Inch Diamond Saw Blade with U Slot for Asphalt-Concrete and Other Abrasive Materials/Diamond Cutting Disc/Diamond Tools) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract-Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirtshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureStandard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDifferent Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureRsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sortingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOffice Furniture Executive Deskthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Boardshowing the collected fines from this trial.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit,Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWorld Flag Mini Car Flags,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box). FigureAutomatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAutomatic 2 Ply Corrugated Paper Board Making Single Facer Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale(Fig.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.
2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. FigureMulti Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits). FigureGlass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.
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DISCUSSION
22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo-infrared spectrometry (DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006). In addition,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.
As shown in Fig.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box(Plastic Molding,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror,Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale, regardless of the sensor position.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Bespoke Steel Frame).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box.
Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.
Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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