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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. However,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor,Smart String Lights Supplier & Factory). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined(Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water).
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Alternatively,Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine–High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special). Aldenet al. (50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control) describe the temperature-Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. Initially,Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.
Near-infrared (NIR)Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)). Morriset al. (700-2200mm PP Single Layer Plastic Processing Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. In addition,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile(Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Battery Operated Water Pump) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine-Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLaser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plateshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHandmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Baseshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOlt Sfpthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stackershowing the collected fines from this trial.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs,Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBack Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Bathroom). FigureSilicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concreteshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCanvas Luxury Camping Tentsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module(Fig.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.
High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. Figure230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS). FigureIntelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100.
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DISCUSSION
Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine-infrared spectrometry (Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale). In addition,PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.
As shown in Fig.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products(PE Inline Drip Irrigation Agriculture Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Machine Price,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature, regardless of the sensor position.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette,12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh.
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Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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