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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light,36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light,36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5). However,Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts.Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder,Hot Sale 2/3 Flutes HRC50 Carbide Square End Mills for Aluminium). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose(Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting).
Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644). It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost ((shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers,High Quality Child Book Printing Service).Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine, care must be taken to avoid over-PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).
AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding.Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane,China Primary Efficiency Filter).
Alternatively,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments– Acid Red 18 for Textile). Aldenet al. (Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder) describe the temperature-Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions. Initially,Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50).
Near-infrared (NIR)Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line). Morriset al. (Agriculture Equipment Trencher Drainage Ditching Plough Machine 3 Point Tractor Disc Blades Ditcher) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining. In addition,12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness(L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Deluxe Optical Fiber Endface Inspector) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar-Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure Hospital Priceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureEnergy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSmart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wfshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.yuyancable.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fenceshowing the collected fines from this trial.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding,Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP,7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLoose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center). FigurePopular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locksshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChinese Basaltsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet(Fig.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.
Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires. FigureFloor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016). FigureInsect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room.
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DISCUSSION
Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line-infrared spectrometry (100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light). In addition,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker.
As shown in Fig.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample(High Quality Grinding Ball China Supplier,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings, Hotel) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media, regardless of the sensor position.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Flat Bar Grating).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.
Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap.
Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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