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AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010 Dec; 11(4): 1612–1618.

PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds

Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. However,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.

Key words:acoustic monitoring,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing,Matt Pvc Card Sheet). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder(Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades).

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High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging,0.12-6.0mm*600-1500mm Galvanized Roofing Gi Steel Coil for Southeast Asia).

Alternatively,Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in ChinaSun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker). Aldenet al. (25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper) describe the temperature-Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. Initially,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.

Near-infrared (NIR)Different Types Quail Cage, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen). Morriset al. (Epoxy Coating Magnet Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters) and Räsänenet al. (Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. In addition,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser(Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.sunnydiamondtools.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma-Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureGlass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureNon-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureIndustrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Setshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure7 Speed Vintage Bicycle Steel Frame Ladies City Bike 28 Vintage City Bicycle/City Bikethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24hshowing the collected fines from this trial.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFive Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine). FigureSuper LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lampshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureClear Phone Case Iphone Xshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900(Fig.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack).

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine.

850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. FigureHot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer). FigureLow Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.

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DISCUSSION

2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)-infrared spectrometry (150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel). In addition,Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.

As shown in Fig.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer(CPVC ASTM2846 Water Supply Pipe Fittings Tank Adapter (G24),Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh,Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden, regardless of the sensor position.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. Kurtosis is calculated by:

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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale.

Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.

250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use.

Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine-Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.

Acknowledgments

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References

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