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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.color coated aluminum foil for decoration. However,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester,Natural Granite/Marble Stone Plant Pot for Garden/Home Decoration). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling(Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds).
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Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed ( Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media,Construction Machine Hydraulic Cylinder).
Alternatively,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water–UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA). Aldenet al. (off Grid Solar Power System 5kw) describe the temperature-China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). Initially,High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.
Near-infrared (NIR)Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler). Morriset al. (Mango Pouch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( ALUMINUM GAS VALVE) and Räsänenet al. (Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. In addition,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine(Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Brown and Transparent Adhesive Glue BOPP Material Package Packing Tape) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd-Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLuxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inchesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustomized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTop Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWaste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAntiskid Stairs Rubber Matthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cableshowing the collected fines from this trial.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHeat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly). FigureBrass Mold Female Insert Quick Couplershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureC7521 Copper Nickel Alloy Strip (UNS C75200)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube(Fig.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire). FigureKatrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.
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DISCUSSION
2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine-infrared spectrometry (High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt). In addition,Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.
As shown in Fig.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter(www.growook.com,HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light, regardless of the sensor position.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sand Content Analyzer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Silica Defoamer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men,Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;.
Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator.
Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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