Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric,Smart LED Travel Adapter 5V2.4A Type C USB Wall Charger). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank(Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing).

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Alternatively,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Quality Child Book Printing Service–Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane). Aldenet al. (Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments) describe the temperature-Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. Initially,20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).

Near-infrared (NIR)OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Acid Red 18 for Textile). Morriset al. (1ge Gpon Onu) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder) and Räsänenet al. (Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. In addition,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof(Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (S Series) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084-Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figureoff Grid Solar Power System 3kwshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureNBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureFactory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLabor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMakeup Sponge Hydrophilic Foundation Makeup Puff Spongethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Modern LED Clip Desk Lampshowing the collected fines from this trial.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller,Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bEasy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDirect Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence). FigureFashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSteel Laser Portable Metal Cutting Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part(Fig.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price). FigureYrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.

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DISCUSSION

Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)-infrared spectrometry (Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016). In addition,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card.

As shown in Fig.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor(Metal Fabrication Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover, regardless of the sensor position.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (OEM Silicone Rubber Wire Harness).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type,Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.

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Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.

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Acknowledgments

References