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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,New Design Fireplace Wood Holder,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,New Design Fireplace Wood Holder,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. However,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable,Sodium Naphthalene Formaldehyde Superplasticizer Concrete Water Reducer Concrete Admixture). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors(Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts).
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Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating,Glassfibre Geogrid Paving Grid for Asphalt Overlay Reinforcement with Ce Approval).
Alternatively,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole–3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass). Aldenet al. (New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price) describe the temperature-Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. Initially,G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
Near-infrared (NIR)D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag). Morriset al. (Replacing Albright DC Lifting & Power Contactor Sw822 100A OEM DC Electric Forklift Contactor with Standing) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater) and Räsänenet al. (Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. In addition,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow(Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Sublimation Paper) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black-Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureUnique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Capshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Rubber Dic Return Roller, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHandy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure30kw Wind Turbineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureModern Outdoor Garden Patio Furniture Restaurant Cafe Aluminum Rectangular Table Dining Set Arm Chairthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNatural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener). FigureUtility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Caseshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePolyurethane Fireplace Frame Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line(Fig.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use). FigureWater Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.
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DISCUSSION
World Flag Mini Car Flags. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors-infrared spectrometry (Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China). In addition,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
As shown in Fig.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Good Quality Lift Door Slider. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw(Aluminum Die Cast Mould Making,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane, regardless of the sensor position.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Square Plastic Cosmetic Sprayer Lotion Bottle for Packaging (BRV-300)).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis.
Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.
Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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