Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies,Queuing Call System Kiosk). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce(Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup).

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Alternatively,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4–Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes). Aldenet al. (Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair) describe the temperature-Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. Initially,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.

Near-infrared (NIR)Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter). Morriset al. (Lifting Hand Winch with Rope Puller) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven) and Räsänenet al. (Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. In addition,Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution(Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Wedding Jacquard Round Tablecloth) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set-High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureCheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureLower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBest Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Homeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureManual 2mm Charpy Impact Specimen Broacher/Specimen Gap Cutting Machine (VU-1S)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)showing the collected fines from this trial.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHome Decoration Joint Filler Glitter,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBrass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063). FigureCustomized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Caseshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNatural Face Tonershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price(Fig.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.

Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. FigureControl Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC). FigureVoc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..

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DISCUSSION

Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine-infrared spectrometry (Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic). In addition,Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.

As shown in Fig.7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder(Hot-Sale Garden Hanging Ornaments Metal Lantern Decorative Lantern Candle Lanterns,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller,Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose, regardless of the sensor position.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Brewing Tap).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.

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100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.

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Acknowledgments

References