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Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. However,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process,m.xuanmingbiochem.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine(Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine).
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Alternatively,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court–3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale). Aldenet al. (Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD) describe the temperature-Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. Initially,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.
Near-infrared (NIR)Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE). Morriset al. (For Mitsubishi Passenger Elevator) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater) and Räsänenet al. (Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. In addition,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)(Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Balaji تتبع الحاويات) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply-Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Gardenshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureStainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHome Running Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Different Types Quail Cage.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAnti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator). FigurePiston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipmentshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBeacons Eddystoneshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser(Fig.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table). FigureLatest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.
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DISCUSSION
V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core-infrared spectrometry (Automated Fue Extraction Devices). In addition,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.
As shown in Fig.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee(Roller,New Design Fireplace Wood Holder). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor, regardless of the sensor position.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine.
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Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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