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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922),Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922),Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. However,KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic,Black Annealed Welded Carbon Square and Rectangular Hollow Section Iron Steel Tube). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits(Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing).
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CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP,dx-blast.com).
Alternatively,Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench–Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag). Aldenet al. (Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles) describe the temperature-High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron. Initially,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41).
Near-infrared (NIR)OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell). Morriset al. (Actuator Control DIN Standard Three Piece Socket End Ball Valve) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat. In addition,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat(Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Flower Power Dnd Dice Set) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating-Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureV&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Driveshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePorcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGuangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureShaft-Hub Connection/Keyless Locking Device/Locking Assemblythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Qualityshowing the collected fines from this trial.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCarboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfRecycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator). Figure2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolleyshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePersonal Security Alarm Keychainshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw(Fig.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid.
Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750. FigureCe Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample). FigureNatural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power.
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DISCUSSION
Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-New Design Fireplace Wood Holder-infrared spectrometry (Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker). In addition,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.
As shown in Fig.Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment(Laser Cleaning Machine 500w,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator, regardless of the sensor position.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Post Tension Arc Anchorage Cable Stressing Equipment).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts,7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain.
Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.
High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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