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Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. However,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria,Food Grade Sodium Benzoate CAS No.: 532-32-1). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt(ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw).
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3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage,20 Pin 128X64/12864 Micro 0.96 I2c/Spi Graphic White SSD1315 OLED Display).
Alternatively,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee–EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)). Aldenet al. (100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen) describe the temperature-Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). Initially,2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1). Morriset al. (Electric Tool Motor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup) and Räsänenet al. ( Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. In addition,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage(Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (900t Rubber Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Tyre (XLB-950*950)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor-Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureVintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureHigh Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureCheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in Chinashows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure500L Double Jacketed Cooker Jacketed Cooking Pot Cooking Kettlethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Stickershowing the collected fines from this trial.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23,Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen). FigureMobility Foldable Adult Electric Scootersshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNewest Capsuel Prize Amusement Swing Rideshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer(Fig.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.
27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. FigureEVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display). FigurePortable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.
DISCUSSION
Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine-infrared spectrometry ( Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set). In addition,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.
As shown in Fig.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller(Cheap 40f Flatbed Semi Trailer with Air Suspension Sm-063,Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic, regardless of the sensor position.Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Diving Helmet For Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.
90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.
Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists