Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core,Hot Sale Falling Stone Power Bank (for Samsung Android Phones)). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction(Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine).

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Alternatively,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Diesel Mini Tiller–LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair) describe the temperature-High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. Initially,Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide.

Near-infrared (NIR)China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl). Morriset al. (etonsmtauto.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger) and Räsänenet al. (Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router. In addition,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone(Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.fessiecookware.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror-Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureExtruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colorsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureDn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureDouble Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Netshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.agapassworld.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tankshowing the collected fines from this trial.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining,Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack,Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAutomatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric). FigureSemi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Productionshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFoot Marginshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board(Fig.Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine). FigureProfessional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating(Self DIY Beer Brewing Stainless Steel Brewhouse,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room,Fan Coil Filters) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag, regardless of the sensor position.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.ok-agv.net).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer,DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.

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2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.

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Acknowledgments

References