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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. However,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling,High Quality Motorcycle Starting Lever Motorcycle Parts for Cg125/Cg150/CB125). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons(42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard).
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42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler,Dog Feeding Bowl).
Alternatively,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory–Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum). Aldenet al. (Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle) describe the temperature-Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. Initially,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.
Near-infrared (NIR)Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM). Morriset al. (Handle Chrome Metalizing Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Softgel Capsule) and Räsänenet al. (New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. In addition,Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve(Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Wholesale Double Wall Vacuum Insulated Travel Rambler Stainless Steel 30oz Coffee Tumbler Mug) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives-Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureModular Home for Accommodation Solutionshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFactory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rackshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurejb-hardware.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristbandshowing the collected fines from this trial.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting). FigureHigh End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Boardshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMobile/Smart/Cell Phone Touch Screen for iPhone Samsungshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane(Fig.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator). FigureColorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.
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DISCUSSION
(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine-infrared spectrometry (Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers). In addition,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate.
As shown in Fig.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe(Heavy Duty Hand Held Meat Grinder 10# Manual Meat Grinder,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006,Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks, regardless of the sensor position.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Good Quality High Resolution Waterproof Car Camera 1080P Full HD Vehicle Camera Dashboard Camera).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.
MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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