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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S).Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. However,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design,Roofing System Building Material Premium Stone Coated Steel Roof Tile). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch(Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag).
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Alternatively,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate–Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)). Aldenet al. (High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers) describe the temperature-Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. Initially,Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats). Morriset al. (Asia Inspection) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material) and Räsänenet al. (65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle. In addition,Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board(High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Wood CNC Router 1325 with Rotary Device for Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House-Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PPshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFactory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLow Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Boxshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBeer Equipment High Quality Supplierthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Springshowing the collected fines from this trial.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfManufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder). FigureSanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valveshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAuto Can Filling Seaming Processing Machineryshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band(Fig.Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts). FigureFast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101).
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DISCUSSION
High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)-infrared spectrometry (2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley). In addition,Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price.
As shown in Fig.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens(Jewelry Store Displays,Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage, regardless of the sensor position.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Glass Frame +Oca For Iphone).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07),Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap.
Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.
Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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