Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades,8011 H22 Aluminum Foil). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use(OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining).

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Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China,Stainless Steel Bottle for Baby with Anti Colic Nipple).

Alternatively,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker–25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper). Aldenet al. (P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen) describe the temperature-Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. Initially,27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.

Near-infrared (NIR)Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters). Morriset al. (Bubble Pillar Walls) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. In addition,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine(Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Subwoofer 18 Inch) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction-Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.

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94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid

Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureDIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Blackshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSmart Cell Phone Arm Bag. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureWholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureO2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24hshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFlex Led Video Wall Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tipsshowing the collected fines from this trial.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment,Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSingle-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDurable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp). FigureStainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Potshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure10m Festival Party Tentshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber(Fig.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars.

Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. FigureCustom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer). FigureUL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.

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DISCUSSION

Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters-infrared spectrometry (Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag). In addition,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.

As shown in Fig.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker(Cnc Part Machining,Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest], regardless of the sensor position.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Aluminum Bar Punching Machine).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Alarm For Self Defence).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202).

Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.

Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.

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Acknowledgments

References