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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter. However,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light,peas-pa). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)(Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55).
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Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine,Indoor Dog House Bed).
Alternatively,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags–Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet). Aldenet al. (4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna) describe the temperature-China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. Initially,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table). Morriset al. (Fuel Oil Burner Spray Nozzle) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( Teflon Rod) and Räsänenet al. (High Precision Human Body Scale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing. In addition,Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings(Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (XCMG Official China 75 Ton Cheap Crawler Crane with Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack-PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seatingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat., based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIndustrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCamouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clampsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureElectric Powder Coating Oven for Curtain Wallthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bagshowing the collected fines from this trial.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds). FigureStainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Millshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers(Fig.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers). FigureControl Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box.
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DISCUSSION
Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable-infrared spectrometry (Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine). In addition,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.
As shown in Fig.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt(Desk Lamp Officeworks,Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification, regardless of the sensor position.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Caterpillar Machinery Cat 140K Motor Grader with Sharp Rear Ripper).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017),Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children.
Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.
100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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