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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. However,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate,Polyester Smooth Finish Grey 13G Nitrile Coated Gloves). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar(New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use).
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Alternatively,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder–PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China). Aldenet al. (3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter) describe the temperature-Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. Initially,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.
Near-infrared (NIR)30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose). Morriset al. (UV Laser Engraving Machine for Paper) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags) and Räsänenet al. (Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump. In addition,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box(Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Mini Vanadium Titanium Needle Meso Injector Free Injection Mesotherapy Gun) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker-Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Different Types Quail Cage. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePersonalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medalshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureHeavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureSmall Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAPI 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDouble Dot Interliningsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)showing the collected fines from this trial.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face,Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material). Figure0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coilshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurefujielevator-jp.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry(Fig.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL). FigureNatural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.
DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba(Core Cutting Bit Sizes,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE, regardless of the sensor position.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.
Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design.
1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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