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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. However,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B,5PCS Wooden Handle Artist Brush in PVC Bag for Painting and Drawing). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh(20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth).
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Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat,Long Distance Reading Anti-Metal RFID Tag for Assets Management).
Alternatively,Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing–2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds). Aldenet al. (Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee) describe the temperature-Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. Initially,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
Near-infrared (NIR)Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine). Morriset al. (Aluminum Radiator For Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)) and Räsänenet al. (Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. In addition,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool(Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Latest Design Entry Aluminum Frame Glass Pivot Door) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet-12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Precision Human Body Scale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure 200kVA)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePromotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LEDshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSemaglutide Peptide Api Gmp Manufacturerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Priceshowing the collected fines from this trial.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bRechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized). FigureShanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure300mm Solar Led Traffic Lightingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing(Fig.NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.
2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). FigureCAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch). FigureStandard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump.
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DISCUSSION
Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale-infrared spectrometry (Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble). In addition,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard.2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester.
As shown in Fig.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys(1 - Undercounter Chiller,Air Conditioner Rubber Pads). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( competitive price),Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits, regardless of the sensor position.1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sensor Led Flood Light).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink,Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.
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Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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