5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED
andSenken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile LightingCorrugated Plastic Lawn Signs
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot,Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot,Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. However,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle,builtin battery). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy(Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles).
Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria,OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts).PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping, care must be taken to avoid over-EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.
China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box,Blank Car Mats).
Alternatively,Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup–HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating). Aldenet al. (High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8) describe the temperature-2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric. Initially,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH).
Near-infrared (NIR)Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay). Morriset al. (Pp Bags) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Saw Blade for Harvester Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. In addition,Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip(IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Vde Plug Electric Kettle) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD-HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts-1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.
Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLiving Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Tableshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFood Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSuper Soft Warm Sherpa Fleece Duvet Cover Bedding Set with Pillowcasethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937showing the collected fines from this trial.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric,Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAdvertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord). FigureFast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warrantyshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFireplace Wood Holdershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding(Fig.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.
Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G,Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine. FigurePlastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract). FigureCarbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt.
Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose
DISCUSSION
Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine-infrared spectrometry (Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet). In addition,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines.
As shown in Fig.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board(Bullet Aluminum Micro USB Connector to Type-C Adapter for iPhone 5 6 6s,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging, regardless of the sensor position.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ce Round High Low Beam Driving Light 20W 40W M003D Motorcycle 5.75′′ LED Headlight).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Precision Human Body Scale,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck.
DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.
2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.
Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging-Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing.
Acknowledgments
Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys(NSERC)Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
