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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). However,Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete,Twill Weave Fabric). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size(Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face).
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OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate,SS304 Seamless Large Diameter Industry Pipe).
Alternatively,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc–Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining). Aldenet al. (Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W) describe the temperature-ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. Initially,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card.
Near-infrared (NIR)Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s). Morriset al. (Soccer Football Artificial Grass) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet) and Räsänenet al. (Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. In addition,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective(Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (6PCS Wooden Handle Animal Fiber Artist Brush for Painting and Drawing (wooden color)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished-Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clampshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePrecision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLeaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHRB400 Deformed Steel Reabrshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEn 20471 Class 3 Hi Vis Hooded Pullover Safety Sweatshirtthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)showing the collected fines from this trial.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter,Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDifferent Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass). FigureIndustrial Used ISO Tank Containershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure32mm Half Saddleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump(Fig.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish). FigureDouble Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.
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DISCUSSION
Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality-infrared spectrometry (Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip). In addition,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting.
As shown in Fig.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L(Water Jet Cutter Intensifier Spare Parts Watjetjet HP Seal Kit,Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production, regardless of the sensor position.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Potassium Aluminum Sulfate).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229),China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert.
Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17).
20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head.
Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger-GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
