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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H),Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H),Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. However,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor,www.hbgcdl-fasteners.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt(Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089).
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Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G,Air Freight Air Cargo Shipping Service to Hanover Germany).
Alternatively,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can–Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight). Aldenet al. (ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe) describe the temperature-Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality. Initially,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.
Near-infrared (NIR)100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket). Morriset al. (Pedal Reflectors) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)) and Räsänenet al. (PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter. In addition,High Precision Human Body Scale(Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Rattan Effect Daytona Used Outdoor Sofas (TG-061)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch-Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustomized Connector Flat GSM Antennashows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureModern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAluminium Die Casting Partsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Watershowing the collected fines from this trial.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining,Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe). FigureHot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure1 Piece Forged Alloy Wheels for BMWshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag(Fig.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price). FigureG11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.
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DISCUSSION
Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine-infrared spectrometry (Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate). In addition,Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922).Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate.
As shown in Fig.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts(Shenzhen Factory Promote CZ50 USB2.0 Flash Driver USB Stick USB Disk Pendrive Match Sandisk CZ50,Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner, regardless of the sensor position.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Titan Metal Fabricators).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric,New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component.
Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.
Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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