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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston,Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston,Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. However,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100).2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap,Bildschirmschutz Laserschneidmaschine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator(Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ).
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Alternatively,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose–Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags). Aldenet al. (Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine) describe the temperature-1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. Initially,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.
Near-infrared (NIR)China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric). Morriset al. (Createbot 3d Printer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light) and Räsänenet al. (Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. In addition,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel( Double Braided Rope).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Mt-H2512r Digital Printing Inkjet Vinyl Digital UV Flatbed Printer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal-Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smeltingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDiameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureManufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Materialshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCompetition Volleyball Netthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coilshowing the collected fines from this trial.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bIGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler). FigureWholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Manshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMatte Coffee Mugshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw(Fig.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.
EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. FigureGood Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane). FigureWooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.
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DISCUSSION
P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower-infrared spectrometry (Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery). In addition,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.
As shown in Fig.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA), the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose(Stainless Steel Wine Tumbler,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt, regardless of the sensor position.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (O2 Concentrator Portable Psa Oxygen Generator 20L/Min in Good Price).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.
Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.
Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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