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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. However,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt,Asme Lng Storage Tank). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller(New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing).
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Alternatively,Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace–Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)). Aldenet al. (PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions) describe the temperature-Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. Initially,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.
Near-infrared (NIR)Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap). Morriset al. (Hydraulic Cylinders Suppliers) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203) and Räsänenet al. (Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. In addition,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table(Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Camping Led Headlamp) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars-Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAcoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panelshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2ashows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality Electrical Transformer Crepe Paperthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Woodshowing the collected fines from this trial.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPortable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWarehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer). FigureSMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Boardshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCucumber Greenhouseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill(Fig.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.
Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate,Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. FigureDC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber). FigureLt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer(R22 R134A R404A,Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W, regardless of the sensor position.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.petnbf.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.
Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412).
High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
