Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Photoelectric Sensor  Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware,Vehicle Automobile Parts Multi Cavity Motor Cover Machining Workholding). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe(Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use).

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Alternatively,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate–Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt). Aldenet al. (Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand) describe the temperature-RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. Initially,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.

Near-infrared (NIR)Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board). Morriset al. (Custom Printed Box Packaging Durable Packaging Gift Packaging Boxes Printed Bakery Boxes for Cup Cake Pastry and Sweet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. In addition,25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper(Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (New Product 7 Inch Capacitive Touch Panel Touch Screen Monitor with USB Interface) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box-Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Metershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureEconomic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureNew Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMagnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnetshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureExquisite Craftsmanship Plastic Shopping Cartthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulatorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bwith Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfManufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)). FigureChemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textileshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMetal Stamping Die Designshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door(Fig.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies). FigureMetric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.

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DISCUSSION

Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp-infrared spectrometry (Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material). In addition,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.

As shown in Fig.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry(China 90m3 Low Cost Concrete Plant,Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction, regardless of the sensor position.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (16pcs Watch Repair Tool).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100).

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.

Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.

Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil.

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Acknowledgments

References