Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle,Security Tower Bolt Factory OEM/ODM Products). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry(1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet).

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Alternatively,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine–10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant). Aldenet al. (Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator) describe the temperature-Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. Initially,China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone.

Near-infrared (NIR)Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Promotion Carton Knife and Opener). Morriset al. (Coil Packing with Pallet 6*12) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence) and Räsänenet al. (3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet. In addition,Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine(High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Air Purifier Germany) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts-Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigurePlastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureTop Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureOutdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLow Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105Wshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure30 Ton Heavy Duty Telescoping Hydraulic Bottle Jack Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245sshowing the collected fines from this trial.Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWoodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAgricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine). FigureCustomized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Dieshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChinese Furniture Metal Chair Dining Table Chair Used Banquet Chairshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag(Fig.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr). FigureChinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse.

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DISCUSSION

1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA-infrared spectrometry (Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide). In addition,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor.

As shown in Fig.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag(Sinpure OEM Small Diameter Stainless Steel 90 Degree Bent Tube for Medical Use,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags, regardless of the sensor position.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Spiral Casing Pipe).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter.

Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone.

Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer.

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Acknowledgments

References