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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch. However,Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size,PP PS HIPS Thermoforming Sheet Production Line). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc(SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator).
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Alternatively,Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fire Protective Gloves–Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game). Aldenet al. (Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie) describe the temperature-Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China. Initially,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate). Morriset al. (2 Stroke Gasoline) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use) and Räsänenet al. (OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. In addition,Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional(Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Six Spindle Four Sided Planer Moulder for Solid Wood) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment-Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Invertershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureEmbossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureRetro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWaterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Lightshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGray Ductile Sand Iron Casting for Agriculture Machinery Partsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatmentshowing the collected fines from this trial.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006,Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm,Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCe/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIndustrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal). FigureLeather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure5ml 10ml 15ml 30ml Pet Plastic Dropper E Liquid Bottles with Child Proof Cap Whole Sale with Low Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter(Fig.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone.
Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. Figure0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price). FigureAcm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.
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DISCUSSION
Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile-infrared spectrometry (Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man). In addition,Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder.
As shown in Fig.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope(Pipe Clamp,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System, regardless of the sensor position.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Nice Quality ABS Granule Plastic White Color ABS).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.
Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.
Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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