Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch,Abs+aluminum Material Table Lamps). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip(Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat).

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Alternatively,Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck–Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato). Aldenet al. (1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System) describe the temperature-China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. Initially,3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.

Near-infrared (NIR)Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck). Morriset al. (Automatic Wood Lathe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive) and Räsänenet al. (Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). In addition,Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh(Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cable Tv Wireless) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter-High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureUL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wireshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureRotary Barrel Finishing Machines. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureCustomized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTwo Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratoryshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFull Metal Supermarket Cross Flow Air Curtainthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Silica Defoamershowing the collected fines from this trial.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood,High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHoneywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units). FigureYangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000Wshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLivestock Fence Panels for Dairy Farmshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging(Fig.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Different Types Quail Cage).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller). FigureHigh Precision Human Body Scale.

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DISCUSSION

Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck-infrared spectrometry (Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake). In addition,DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.

As shown in Fig.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker(150 Watt Led High Bay Light High Quality Supplier, Countertop). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing, regardless of the sensor position.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Manufacturer E-Flute Corrugated Paper Packaging Carton Box).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661).

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump,Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale.

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3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys.

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Acknowledgments

References