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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,World Flag Mini Car Flags.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. However,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve,Eco-Friendly Clear Rectangular Glass Dinner Flowers Pattern Fruit Plate). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA(Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)).
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Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers,China Rice Mill Bucket Elevator).
Alternatively,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch–SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture). Aldenet al. (Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)) describe the temperature-ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. Initially,for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.
Near-infrared (NIR)Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality). Morriset al. (Pure White Acrylic Stone Translucent Resin Panels) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts) and Räsänenet al. (Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. In addition,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine(2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Black Annealed Welded Carbon Square and Rectangular Hollow Section Iron Steel Tube) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna-RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insertshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFactory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sampleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureActuator Control DIN Standard Three Piece Socket End Ball Valvethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bIndustrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding). FigurePVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Flower Power Dnd Dice Setshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit(Fig.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts). FigureWhite Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.
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DISCUSSION
2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags-infrared spectrometry (Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold). In addition,Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.
As shown in Fig.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb(Personal Security Alarm Keychain,ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate, regardless of the sensor position.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston,Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.
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Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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