Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum,Gasoline Grass Trimmer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training( Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set).

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Alternatively,Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp–Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot). Aldenet al. (Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)) describe the temperature-Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. Initially,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.

Near-infrared (NIR)High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep). Morriset al. (China Universal Desktop PCB Chip Soldering Machine for Mobile Phone) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground) and Räsänenet al. (Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. In addition,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate(Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fashion Simple Women Watch) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket-Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureMade in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureCylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureMPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFactory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLong Bus Spray Paint Booththen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing Systemshowing the collected fines from this trial.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSingle Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe). FigureWater-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure4 Core Optical Fiber Cable Factory OEM/ODM Productsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making(Fig.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. Mining Screen Mesh. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108). FigureLED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).

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DISCUSSION

Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits-infrared spectrometry (Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light). In addition,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.

As shown in Fig.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box(Leather MDF Plywood CNC Metal Laser Cutting Machine,High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis,Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics, regardless of the sensor position.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (DIN975 Full Threaded Rod with High Quality).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.

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Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.

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Acknowledgments

References