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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal,1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal,1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. However,Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions,PVC Round Rod Anti-Corrosive Plastic Rod). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)(Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap).
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Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer,Heating Insulated Embossed Aluminium Jacketing Coil with Polysurlyn).
Alternatively,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side–Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller). Aldenet al. (Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires) describe the temperature-Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. Initially,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).
Near-infrared (NIR)Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel). Morriset al. (Pattern Mosaic Border/Medallion Floor Tiles/Basket Weave with Metal Inlay (BW001)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction) and Räsänenet al. (Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. In addition,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum(Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cloxacillin Sodium for injection with GMP From Reyoung Pharma) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector-Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePortable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cartshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureA3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNew 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOem Sheet Metal Fabrication Manufacturers Cheap Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structureshowing the collected fines from this trial.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate). FigureMoist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinetshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSuper Ss A351 Ck3mcubolt Bonnet Industrial Gate Valveshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts(Fig.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stamping Parts. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder). FigurePortable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.
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DISCUSSION
Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe-infrared spectrometry (Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch). In addition,Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.
As shown in Fig.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee(Pe Fruit Net,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( 19kw,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light, regardless of the sensor position.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Digital Scale Luggage).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh,Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.
Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality.
Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
