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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands),Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands),Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. However,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board,6203peek Oilless Bearings). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad(HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit).
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Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%,Brass Water Jet Flat Fan Spray Nozzles).
Alternatively,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch–Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)). Aldenet al. (Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble) describe the temperature-Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). Initially,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof.
Near-infrared (NIR)China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display). Morriset al. (m.whoistide.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Air Conditioner Rubber Pads) and Räsänenet al. ( competitive price)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. In addition,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire(Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.frdglove.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE-Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCe Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Weldingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureElastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePortable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts., the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureProfessional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Partsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureReal 16GB SD Cardsclass 10 Micro SD Memory SD Card (16GB TF)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tubeshowing the collected fines from this trial.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe,Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAutomatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor). FigureWholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure30%PAC Poly Aluminum Chloride for Water Treatmentshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts(Fig.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.
Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. Figure ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922), however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould). FigureOutdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345).
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover(Custom Sports Bra Manufacturers Cheap Price,Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting, regardless of the sensor position.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L,Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production.
Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape.
8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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