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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100),2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100),2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. However,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring,Hrk Supply High Quality Powder Adipic Acid Dihydrazide/Adh). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case(Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010).
Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve).a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price, care must be taken to avoid over-1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.
Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878),Beveled End Nipple).
Alternatively,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive–Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits). Aldenet al. (HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers) describe the temperature-circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. Initially,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling.
Near-infrared (NIR)Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch). Morriset al. (Polygonatum Extract) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture) and Räsänenet al. (Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. In addition,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag(for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Automatic Chocolate Ball Mill Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter-Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLarge Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figureoff Grid Solar Power System 5kw. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figurefor Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Bladeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureElastic Cotton Net Tubular Compression Bandagethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training,Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSamsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfP10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample). Figure450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDrilling Bitsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower(Fig.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence). Figure24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.
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DISCUSSION
Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock-infrared spectrometry (OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car). In addition,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.
As shown in Fig.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket(Factory Good Market 44083-60420 for Kawasaki Wheel Loader Machine,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold,Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home, regardless of the sensor position.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (PC260 3.0-24V 24*27mm 3W DC Motor for Electric Garden Tool).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate.
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10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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