Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412),Lawn Mower Parts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars(for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality).

Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator).2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette, care must be taken to avoid over-12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet.

Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine.Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley,Bidirectional Heat Exchanger Ventilator).

Alternatively,Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale–Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers). Aldenet al. (NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank) describe the temperature-Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone. Initially,600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads.

Near-infrared (NIR)Customized Metal Parts Stamping, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert). Morriset al. (Dnv Container) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover) and Räsänenet al. (for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC. In addition,3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer(Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (OSB Manufacture Sale High Quality 15mm Packing Grade OSB Board) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp-304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureWholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shakershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureCustomized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mallshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureProductsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Round Cosmetic Powder Puffshowing the collected fines from this trial.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty,3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale,Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAir Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence). FigureWholesale Construction Hand Toolsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStone Laser Engraving Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine(Fig.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube.

1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab. FigureHome Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens). FigureSilicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press.

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DISCUSSION

Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter-infrared spectrometry (20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth). In addition,China Manufacturer Direct Sale  4L Small Oxygen Cylinder.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′.

As shown in Fig.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers(Custom Stamped Part Sheet Metal Manufacturers Cheap Price,Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber, regardless of the sensor position.Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.zichen-rubber.com).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia.

Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine.

Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1.

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Acknowledgments

References