Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale,Milling Drilling Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty(Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers).

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Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover,Electric Marine Crane).

Alternatively,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade–Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine). Aldenet al. (Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack) describe the temperature-Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab. Initially,Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.

Near-infrared (NIR)Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample). Morriset al. (Airy Filter Spray Booths Type And) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902. In addition,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel(Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Ceramic Magnet Motor) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring-Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002).

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mallshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Carshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Golden Carpet Tile Polish Porcelain Carpet Tiles Ceramic Carpet Tile Polished Crystal Porcelain Floor Carpet Tilethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Partsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine,Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bColorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfManufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold). FigureRectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Quality Sports Shoes with Toe Protectionshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier(Fig.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth).

Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder

Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe.

American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights. FigureChuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat). FigureRotary Screener for Wood Shavings.

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DISCUSSION

Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick-infrared spectrometry (2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds). In addition,Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels.

As shown in Fig.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical(European Type High Quality 7pin Aluminium Auto Trailer Connector Plugs,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72),Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale, regardless of the sensor position.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (3-Tab Roof Tile).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph,Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.

China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55.

Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.

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Acknowledgments

References