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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. However,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove,Baby Food Freezer Bags). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board(with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock).
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Alternatively,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock–Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel). Aldenet al. (99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives) describe the temperature-Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. Initially,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.
Near-infrared (NIR)Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance). Morriset al. (4f90 Clutch Release Fork) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. In addition,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine(Mylar Film Slitting Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Automatic PLC Control CSD Water Bottling Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw-Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureStainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hoseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureHot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureBlue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jarshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure500 People Clear Roof Party Wedding Tentthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipmentshowing the collected fines from this trial.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%World Flag Mini Car Flags.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red). FigureLifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tubeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustom Permanent Neodymium Round Cylinder Magnet Strong Rare Earth Magnetshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine(Fig.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Good Quality Lift Door Slider.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers). FigureShuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap.
DISCUSSION
Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator-infrared spectrometry (Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window). In addition,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.
As shown in Fig.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode(E Juice /Smoking Juice for EGO E Cig,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor,EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons, regardless of the sensor position.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Pvc Floor Mats India).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.
Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.
Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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