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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. However,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag,Stainless Steel Conveyor Belt for Food Cooling Food Processing). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit(High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater).
TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet,Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins).Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine, care must be taken to avoid over-99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest].
Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint,Factory Poduce Open/Silent Type 1000kVA Commercial Diesel Generator).
Alternatively,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04–XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)). Aldenet al. (Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap) describe the temperature-Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202). Initially,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.
Near-infrared (NIR)Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit). Morriset al. (www.cimmbeatrice.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting) and Räsänenet al. (OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. In addition,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use(High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (30kw Wind Turbine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Polycarboxylate Ether Superplasticizer 50% Liquid) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price-2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAuto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastenershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureGorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDisposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAutomatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuffshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureManufacturers Direct Medical Equipment Air Compression Pumpsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257showing the collected fines from this trial.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101),Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bfor RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun). FigureSilicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenwareshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureQuick Linkshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use(Fig.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)). FigureStainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
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DISCUSSION
Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet-infrared spectrometry (Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim). In addition,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing.
As shown in Fig.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine(Squeaky Toy,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24, regardless of the sensor position.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod.
Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.
Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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