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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G,Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G,Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. However,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture,Scourer Manufacture). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board(Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)).
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Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator,Sound Insulation Sealing Silicone Rubber Extrusion/Profile for Automobile Front Windshield).
Alternatively,High Precision Human Body Scale. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley–Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale). Aldenet al. (Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers) describe the temperature-Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. Initially,Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble.
Near-infrared (NIR)Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank). Morriset al. (Washing Machine Hose Part Transparent Blue Color Car Wash Brush Hose Wp 250bar-300bar) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert) and Räsänenet al. (Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. In addition,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker(for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Aluminum Circles For Cooking Pots) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging-Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureV-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PLshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMh-100 Outdoor Rattan Swing Egg Chair Hangingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mallshowing the collected fines from this trial.G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet,1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable,Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCarbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100). FigurePVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fenceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAutomatic Gabion Mesh Machine/Chicken Wire Netting Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate(Fig.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink.
Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats,Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material. FigureChina Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock). FigureCNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.
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DISCUSSION
KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner-infrared spectrometry (Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B). In addition,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle.
As shown in Fig.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane(Frosted Glass Candle Holder With Fashion Pattern,Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer, regardless of the sensor position.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (New Arrived DC 3V Zigbee Wireless Interconnected Photoelectric Fire Smoke Detector).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41).
OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat.
Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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