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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Different Types Quail Cage, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. However,China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator,Digital Cable Tv Headend). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core(2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley).
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330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank,1300X2500mm Wood Stone Metal Mini CNC Router).
Alternatively,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert–Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover). Aldenet al. (for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade) describe the temperature-Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light. Initially,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane.
Near-infrared (NIR)UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine). Morriset al. (Student Backpack Factory OEM/ODM Products) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. In addition,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine(450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hrk Supply High Quality Powder Adipic Acid Dihydrazide/Adh) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard-Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Mouldsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWaterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fenceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePolygonatum Extractthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholesale Construction Hand Toolsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC,Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDifferent Types Quail Cage,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts). FigureFresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Priceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAutomatic Chocolate Ball Mill Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale(Fig.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder). FigureDigital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
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DISCUSSION
Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine-infrared spectrometry (Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat). In addition,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.
As shown in Fig.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction(Drilling Bits,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs, regardless of the sensor position.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (plastic blade material fan motor).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain.
Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%.
Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
