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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear. However,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera,Drive Input Shaft). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping(Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts).
Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish).Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material, care must be taken to avoid over-Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.
Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven,Kaiping Manufacturer 304 Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drain Boars).
Alternatively,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed–2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger). Aldenet al. (Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry) describe the temperature-White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. Initially,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.
Near-infrared (NIR)Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber). Morriset al. (3D Hidden Series) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical) and Räsänenet al. (Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. In addition,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4(Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (PVDF High Strength Anti-Corrosion Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Container Cladding) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)-Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOuternal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holdershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLegrand Angled Cat6 Patch Panelthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switchshowing the collected fines from this trial.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,ba-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable). FigurePVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACACshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHair Remover Hard Wax Beans Wooden Spatulashows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine(Fig.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw). Figure62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.
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DISCUSSION
Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial-infrared spectrometry ( 300SL). In addition,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.
As shown in Fig.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter(Acrylic Cutting Machine CO2 Wood Acrylic Farbric Cloth Glass Leather Cutter with Large Working Area,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags,Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP, regardless of the sensor position.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (24 Port Gigabit Poe Managed Switch Manufacturers Cheap Price).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making.
China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.
Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.
Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits-Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
