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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. However,Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100),18.5 Android Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display All in One Screens Elevators LCD Screen Business Full Colour Display). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator(Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment).
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Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router.Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed ( 40FT. L,2019 Fashion Diamond Lattice with Rivets Shoulder Bag Leather Ladies Satchel Handbag Carry Bags).
Alternatively,China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire–Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock). Aldenet al. (High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt) describe the temperature-Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. Initially,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.
Near-infrared (NIR)Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet). Morriset al. (Eva Foam 5mm) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket) and Räsänenet al. (Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. In addition,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat(6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Sodium Sulphide Flakes) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))-Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9umshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureS11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAluminum Camlock Plugs Fittingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.frdglove.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturersshowing the collected fines from this trial.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015),Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLatest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane). FigureIndustrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipmentsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureErw Black Painting Steel Pipeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956(Fig. Acid Red 18 for Textile).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List). Figure19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.
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DISCUSSION
HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive-infrared spectrometry (Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring). In addition,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.
As shown in Fig.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding(Fully Automatic Garage Door Guide Rail Roll Forming Machine,Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars, regardless of the sensor position.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Custom Floral Patterns Dress Fabric Soft Polyester Satin Print Fabric).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).
Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.
Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
