Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers,Integration Power Sun LED Street Lights 20W High Power 6m). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine(NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank).

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EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade,Post Tensioning Bar System).

Alternatively,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine–Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack). Aldenet al. (Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample) describe the temperature-Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. Initially,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.

Near-infrared (NIR)Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle). Morriset al. (Polystyrene EPS Beads Bean Bag Filling Machine with Micro Ball) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker) and Räsänenet al. (Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. In addition,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock(PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Tcxt30 Magnetic Tube for Remove Iron From Feed Material) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles-Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureRound Cosmetic Powder Puffshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSurface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureFocusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Partsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBoard Pcbathen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Priceshowing the collected fines from this trial.3000 Watt  12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop,10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale). FigureANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zippershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureOutdoor Plantershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric(Fig.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.

HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. FigureFactory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing). FigureFan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.

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DISCUSSION

China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission-infrared spectrometry (Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee). In addition,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special.

As shown in Fig.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine(Plastic Acrylic Sheet,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T),Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore, regardless of the sensor position.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Light Duty Belt Conveyor).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging,Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home.

Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Different Types Quail Cage.

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Acknowledgments

References