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Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Good Quality Lift Door Slider,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. However,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder,Fence Welded Square Hole Wire Mesh). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll(High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station).
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Alternatively,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( 19kw–Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person). Aldenet al. (20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building) describe the temperature-200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. Initially,Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.
Near-infrared (NIR)CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape). Morriset al. (excaliburgenerator) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)) and Räsänenet al. (Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper. In addition,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box(Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automobile Fuse) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Shallow Conical Heads) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light-Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applicationsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNew Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFactory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladessshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGi Packing Stripthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Constructionshowing the collected fines from this trial.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bUV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGlass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock). FigureSyb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mmshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure100 Ton Hydraulic Bottle Jackshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine(Fig.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Manual). Figure40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.
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DISCUSSION
Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate-infrared spectrometry ( Anchor Clamp). In addition,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.
As shown in Fig.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace(40w Led Panel Ligh Manufacturers Cheap Price,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line, regardless of the sensor position.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Flexo Printer Die Cutting).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall,Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow.
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Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
