Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag,Custom Embossed Logo Metal Silver Tinplate Lid for Glass Candle Jar). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim(Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator).

ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining,94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS).Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel, care must be taken to avoid over-Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.

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Alternatively,2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)–High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers). Aldenet al. (Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats) describe the temperature-Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. Initially,Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative.

Near-infrared (NIR)Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material). Morriset al. (100% Pure Silk Socks for Man) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. In addition,Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment(Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Custom Design Quick Dry Hot Sale Sublimated Blank Running Singlets Polyester Gym Running Singlets) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket-Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureT Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrenchshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureProfessional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Springshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure32 Trays Rotary Oven Factory OEM/ODM Productsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010showing the collected fines from this trial.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHorizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve). FigureWaterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLed Mirror Medicine Cabinetshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler(Fig.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator). FigureFactory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.

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DISCUSSION

Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker-infrared spectrometry (Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale). In addition,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply.

As shown in Fig.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%(Kids Funny Cotton Printed T-Shirt,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert,Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator, regardless of the sensor position.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (ASME B16.5 A105 Weld Neck Blind Socket Slip on Flanges).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc.

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L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts.

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Acknowledgments

References