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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. However,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Home Elevator for 2-4 Person,Children Bungee Trampoline Manufacturer Adult Jumping Castle Indoor Trampoline Park). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)(New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair).
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Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting,T45 Thread Extension Drill Pipe for Drifting and Tunneling).
Alternatively,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials–Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall). Aldenet al. (3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag) describe the temperature-Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. Initially,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.
Near-infrared (NIR)Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker). Morriset al. (High Quality Acrylic Sports Hats Custom Your Own Design Cap with Embroidery) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm) and Räsänenet al. (Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. In addition,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage(Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.chinacoinsandpins.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5-Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChina Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpapershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureComputer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureComforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Boardshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePrecast Concrete Lining Segment Mouldthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigaretteshowing the collected fines from this trial.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter,Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS,V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles). Figure15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packagingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePVC Panels for Ceiling and Wall Decorationshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine(Fig.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Silica Defoamer.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm). FigureSpecial Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600.
DISCUSSION
Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator-infrared spectrometry (PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping). In addition,Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine.Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction.
As shown in Fig.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator(Glp-1(7-36) Acetate Gmp Exporter From China,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff, regardless of the sensor position.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line,Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate.
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Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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