Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone,Glass Jar with Glass Lid for Kitchen Storage). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine(Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door).

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Alternatively,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves–CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting). Aldenet al. (High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine) describe the temperature-Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. Initially,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G.

Near-infrared (NIR)Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes). Morriset al. (18.5*26.5cm 80pages) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. In addition,Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose(Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Double Acting 315t Bicycle Parts Satellite Dish Part Forming Press) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China-Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISOshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHigh Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureHigh Precision Human Body Scale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIntelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWelded Wire Mesh Close Dog Kennelthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendantshowing the collected fines from this trial.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck,DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber). FigureToilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramicshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDrive Rubber Beltshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble(Fig.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0). FigureDust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace.

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DISCUSSION

Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table-infrared spectrometry (Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale). In addition,2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661).

As shown in Fig. Oil and Gas Pipeline, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard(Ceramic Resistance Rubber Wear Liner,70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment, regardless of the sensor position.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Diesel Oil Hose).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable,Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922).

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank.

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Acknowledgments

References