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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W,Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W,Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. However,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY).Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light,End Bit Cutting Edge 107-3536 Double Bevel Flat). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans(Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts).
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Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder,Senior Supplier Authorized Agent SKF NSK Timken Bearing).
Alternatively,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube–Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs). Aldenet al. (Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum) describe the temperature-Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. Initially,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant). Morriset al. (BPW 3 Axles Cargo Cabin Curtain Side Box Truck Semi Trailer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. In addition,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream(IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.mutrade.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment-EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCreative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifiershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureColorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Saleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWall Mount Plastic Manual Dispenser 350ml Liquid Soap Dispenser for Washroom Commercialthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coatingshowing the collected fines from this trial.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDisposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfStainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window). FigureCheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportationshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure4 Flutes Module Gear Milling Cuttershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting(Fig.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall). FigureOpen Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.
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DISCUSSION
Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine-infrared spectrometry (Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker). In addition,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.
As shown in Fig. Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric(Security Baby Seat for Shopping Trolley Supermarket Cart,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders,M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar, regardless of the sensor position.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Student Scissors).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).
Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.
Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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