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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage.65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. However,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (off Grid Solar Power System 5kw,Brake Porker Hose Crimping Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain(Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler).
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Kl Feed Pellet Mill.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine,Dedi 55 Inch LCD Outdoor Digital Signage Waterproof Interactive LCD Display).
Alternatively,13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)–Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry). Aldenet al. (304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs) describe the temperature-Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Quality Child Book Printing Service. Initially,Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery.
Near-infrared (NIR)Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches). Morriset al. (Z4510 Custom Six Pack Bottle Carrier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap) and Räsänenet al. (18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. In addition,Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear(Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Mosquito Borne Zika Virus) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts-Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCorrosion Resistant Cable Glandsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.sinoriseind.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)showing the collected fines from this trial.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Softgel Capsule
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser). FigureDIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Boltshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCnc Rack And Pinion Factory OEM/ODM Productshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric(Fig. 40FT. L).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price). FigureDob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light.
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DISCUSSION
500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders-infrared spectrometry (Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules). In addition,2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts.
As shown in Fig.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set(12 Vmetal Push Button,125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric,Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc, regardless of the sensor position.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (A4 Car Seat Armrest Cover).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting,China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab.
Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting.
Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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