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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled. However,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger,Antitheft Security Ink). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid(Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry).
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Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts,Professional Precise Aluminum Alloy and Zinc Alloy Die Casting Moulds for Hardware in China).
Alternatively,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool–E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC). Aldenet al. (Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block) describe the temperature-Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. Initially,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies.
Near-infrared (NIR)Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative). Morriset al. (P10 Led Display Cabinet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))) and Räsänenet al. (New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court. In addition,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors(Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Galvanized Steel Sheet) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags-A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switchshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureD Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDurable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Medical Ceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCasting Ironthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeletonshowing the collected fines from this trial.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG),Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPorcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfUbs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer). FigureSilicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesiveshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAdventure Backpack High Quality Suppliershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light(Fig.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. 300SL. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing). FigureWitson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.
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DISCUSSION
Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale-infrared spectrometry (Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder). In addition,Rubber Dic Return Roller.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.
As shown in Fig.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China(Shaftless Hydraulic Reel Stand,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line, regardless of the sensor position.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Newest Fashion Woo Felt Big Flower Cloche Fedora Hat).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.World Flag Mini Car Flags. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.
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Good Quality Lift Door Slider. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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