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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. However,Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay,m.hbgcdl-fasteners.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame(Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone).
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New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples,Wholesale Glass Cartridge Cg03 Lead Free Ocitytimes Cbd Atomizer).
Alternatively,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment–Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC). Aldenet al. (Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment) describe the temperature-Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. Initially,High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.
Near-infrared (NIR)Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid). Morriset al. (Industrial Magnet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. In addition,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)(Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Polyester Paper Mills Fabric/Polyester Paper Net Polyester Linear Screen Yl-032) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump-Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBuy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growthshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureChina Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureYangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureProfessional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Partsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureQt4-15 Hydraulic Block Making Machine Hollow Block Molding Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfcircle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet). Figure4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antennashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePcb Wire Harnessshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping(Fig.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window). FigureSemi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003(230mm Turbo Segment Diamond Circular Saw Blade for Cutting Granite,Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag,Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4, regardless of the sensor position.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hospital Laboratory Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry Analyzer (YJ-180)).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.
Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.
P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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